Alegoría agraria y futuros globales
Resumen
"Solo dos fuerzas son esencialmente nacionales y portadoras del futuro: el proletariado y los campesinos”, escribió a principios del siglo pasado el teórico político Antonio Gramsci (1968, 51). En el siglo XX, los obreros y campesinos se constituyeron en las categorías básicas para pensar la política. Sin embargo, en el siglo XXI ambas han desaparecido de la discusión pública; no se mencionan pero orientan por doquier tanto la política pública como la investigación académica. Los tropos a través de los cuales las conocemos han calado como “hechos” bien conocidos sobre la vida social urbana y rural. Aparecen en la forma de estadísticas, anécdotas y lugares comunes, y son explicados como “realidades sociales”. Sin embargo, estas realidades están moldeadas por las preguntas que hacemos y por las maneras en que narramos la historia. Los campesinos y los obreros son figuras alegóricas cuyas historias todavía nos acompañan. Este ensayo examina las alegorías que dan forma al campesino. Para hacer más claras las historias del campesinado, las comparo con la recientemente renovada alegoría de la tribu.
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Referencias bibliográficas
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Boeke, J. H. 1953. Economics and Economic Policy of Dual Societies. Nueva York: Institute of Pacific Relations.
Boomgaard, Peter. 1989. Between Sovereign Domain and Servile Tenure: The Development of Rights to Land in Java, 1780-1870. Ámsterdam: Free University Press.
Braudel, Fernand. 1993. A History of Civilizations. Traducido por Richard Mayne. Nueva York: Penguin.
Breman, Jan. 1988. The Shattered Image: Construction and Desconstruction of the Village in Colonial Asia. Dodrect: Foris.
Broad, Robin y John Cavanagh. 1993. Plundering Paradise: The Struggle for the Environment in the Philippines. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Brosius Peter J. 2003. “Voices for the Borneo Rain Forest: Writing the History of the Environmental Campaign”. En Nature in the Global South. Environmental Projects in South and Southeast Asia, editado por Paul Greenough y Anna Lowenhaupt Tsing, 319-346. Durham: Duke University Press.
Brosius, J. Peter, Anna Tsing y Charles Zerner. 1998. “Representing Communities: Histories and Politics of Community-Based Natural ResourceManagement”. Society and Natural Resources 11: 157-168.
Bryant, Raymond L. y Sinead Bailey. 1997. Third World Political Ecology. Londres: Routledge.
Chayanov, A. V. 1966. On the Theory of the Peasant Economy, editado por Daniel Thorner, Baslie Kerblay y R. F. E. Smith. Homewood, III: R.D. Irwin.
Christie, Jan Wisseman. 1991. “States without Cities: Demographic Trends in Early Java”. Indonesia 52: 23-40.
Clifford, James y George Macus, eds. 1986. Writing Culture: The Poetics and Politics of Ethnography. Berkeley y Los Ángeles, California: University of California Press.
Corry, Stephen. 1993. “The Rainforest Harvest: Who Reaps the Benefit?”. Ecologist 23 (4): 148-53.
Coward, Walter 2005. “Building Models of Community-Based Natural Resource Management: A Personal Narrative”. En Communities and Conservation: Histories and Politics of Community. Based Natural Resource Management, editado por J. Peter Brosius, Ana Tsing, y Charles Zerner, 91-104. Walnut Creek, CA: AltaMira Press.
Cronon, William. 1983. Changes in the Land: Indians, Colonist, and the Ecology of New England. Nueva York: Hill and Wang.
Dalton, George. 1972. “Peasantries in Anthropology and History”. Current Anthropology 13 (4): 385-415.
Day, Tony. 1994. “‘Landscape’ in Early Java”. En Recovering the Orient: Artist, Scholars, Appropriations, editado por Andrew Gerstle y Anthony Milner, 175-203. Singapore:
Harwood Academic Publishers.
Dewald, Jonathan y Liana Vardi. 1998. “The Peasantries of France: 1400-1789”. En The Peasantries of Europe from the Fourteenth to the Eighteenth Centuries, editado por Tom Scott, 21-47. Londres: Longman.
Dove, Michael. 1985. Swidden Agriculture in Indonesia: Subsistence Strategies of the Kalimantan Kantu. Nueva York: Mouton.
—. 1992. “‘Foresters’. Beliefs about Farmers as a Priority for Social Science Research in Social Forestry”. Agroforestry Systems 17: 13-41.
Ellen, Roy F. 1986. “What Black Elk Left Unsaid: On the Illusory Images of Green Primitivism”. Anthropology Today 2 (6): 8-12.
Elson, R. E. 1994. Village Java under the Cultivation System, 1830-1970. Sídney: Allen and Unwin.
Espiritu, Socorro C. y Chester L. Hunt. 1964. Social Foundations of Community Development: Readings of the Philippines. Manila: R. M. Garcia.
Estrella, Conrado. 1969. The Democratic Answer to the Philippine Agrarian Problem. Manila: Solidaridad.
Farr, Ian. 1986. “‘Tradition’ and the Peasantry: On the Modern Historiography of Rural Germany”. En the German Peasantry, editado por Richard Evans y W. R. Lee, 1-36. Londres: Croom Helm.
Geertz, Clifford. 1963. Agricultural Involution: The Processes of Ecological Change in Indonesia. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Gouda, Frances. 1995. Poverty and Political Culture: The Rhetoric of Social Welfare in the Netherlands and France, 1815-1854. Landham, Md: Rowman and Littlefield.
Gramsci, Antonio. 1968. The Modern Prince and Other Writings. 3.a ed. Nueva York: International Publishers.
Guha, Ramachandra. 1990. The Unquiet Woods: Ecological Change and Peasant Resistance in the Himalaya. Berkeley y Los Ángeles: University of California Press.
—. 1994. Social Ecology. Delhi: Oxford University Press.
Harrisson, Tom. 1970. The Malays of South West Sarawak before Malaysia: A Socioeconomic Survey. East Lansing: Michigan State University Press.
Hart, Gillian. 1986. Power, Labor, and Livelihood: Precesses of Change in Rural Java. Berkeley: University of California Press.
—. 1991. “Engendering Everyday Resistance: Gender, Politics, Patronage, and Production in Rural Malaysia”. Journal of Peasant Studies 19 (1): 93-121.
—. 1992. “Household Production Reconsidered: Gender, Labor Conflict, and Technogical Change in Malaysian’s Muda Region”. World Development 20 (6): 809-824.
Hart Gillian, Andrew Turton y Benjamin White, eds. 1989. Agrarian Transformations: Local Processes and the State in Southeast Asia. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Hawes, Gary. 1987. The Philippine State and the Marcos Regime: The Politics of Export. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
Hirsh, Philip y Carol Warren, eds. 1998. The Politics of Environment in Southeast Asia. Londres: Routledge.
Hobsbawm, Eric J. 1973. “Peasants and Politics”. Journal of Peasants Studies 1 (1): 3-22.
Isaacman, Allen F. 1993. “Peasants and Rural Social Protest in Africa”. En Confronting Historical Paradigms, editado por Fred Cooper, 205-317. Madison: University of Wisconsin.
Kahn, Joel S. 1980. Minangkabau Social Formations: Indonesian Peasants and the World Economy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Kartodirdjo, Sartono. 1973. Protest Movements in Rural Java: A Study of Agrarian Unrest in the Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Centuries. Singapore: Oxford University Press.
Kearney, Michael. 1996. Reconceptualizing the Peasantry: Anthropology in Global Perspective. Boulder: Westview.
Kemp, Jeremy. 1988. Seductive Mirror: The Search for the Village Community in Southeast Asia. Dodrect: Foris.
Kerkvliet, Benedict J. Tria. 1990. Everyday Politics in the Philippines: Class and Status in Relations in a Central Luzon Village. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Langton, John. 1998. “Conclusion: The Historical Geography of European Peasantries, 1400-1800”. En The Peasantries of Europe from the Fourteenth to the Eighteenth Centuries, editado por Tom Scott, 372-400. Londres: Longman.
Lehning, James R. 1995. Peasant and French: Cultural Contact in Rural France during the Nineteenth Century. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Li, Tania. 1999. Transforming the Indonesian Uplands. Londres: Hardwood Academic Press.
—. 2000. “Articulating Indigenous Identity in Indonesia: Resource Politics and the Tribal Slot”. Comparatives Studies in Society and History 42 (1): 149-178.
Lim, Teck Ghee. 1977. Peasants and their Agricultural Economy in Colonial Malaya, 1874-1941. Kuala Lumpur: Oxford University Press.
Marx, Karl. 1972. The Eighteenth Brumaire of Luis Bonaparte. Nueva York: International Publishers.
Mayer, Judith. 1996. “Environmental Organizing in Indonesia: The Search for a New Order”. En Global Civil Society and Global Environmental Governance, editado por Ronnie Lipshutz, 167-213. Albany: State University of New York Press.
Monk, Paul, M. 1996. Truth and Power: Robert S. Hardie and Land Reform Debates in the Philippines, 1950-1987. Nueva York: Cambridge University Press.
Muijzenberg, Otto van den y Willem Wolters. 1988. Conceptualizing Development: The Historical-Sociological Tradition in Dutch Non-Western Sociology. Dordrecht:
Foris.
Olson, Gary L. 1974. U.S Foreign Policy and the Third World Peasant: Land Reform in the Asia and Latin America. Nueva York: Praeger.
Ong, Aihwa. 1987. Spirits of Resistance and Capitalist Discipline: Factory Women in Malaysia. Albany: State University of New York Press.
—. 1990. “State versus Islam: Malay Families, Women’s Bodies, and the Body Politic in Malaysia”. American Ethnologist 17 (2): 258-277.
Peet, Richard y Michael Watts. 1996. Liberation Ecologies: Environment, Development, Social Movements. Londres: Routledge.
Peluso, Nancy Lee. 2003. “Territorializing Local Struggles for Resource Control: A Look at Environmental Discourses and Politics in Indonesia”. En Nature in the Global South. Environmental Projects in South and Southeast Asia, editado por Paul Greenough y Anna Lowenhaupt Tsing, 231-252. Durham: Duke University Press.
—. 1992. Rich Forests, Poor People. Berkeley: University of California Press.
—. 1993. “Coercing Conservation: The Politics of State Resource Control”. En The State and Social Power in Global Environmental Politics, editado por R. Lipschutz
y K. Conca. Nueva York: Columbia University Press.
Pelzer, Karl. 1945. Pioneer Settlement in the Asiatic Tropics. Nueva York: American Geographical Society.
Pemberton, John. 1994. On the Subjet of “Java”. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
Popkin, Samuel. 1979. The Rational Peasant: The Political Economy of Rural Society in Vietnam. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Posey, Darrell. 1985. “Indigenous Management of Tropical Forest Ecosystems: The Case of the Kayapo Indians of the Brazilian Amazon”. Agroforestry Systems 3:
139-158.
Putzel, James. 1992. A Captive Land: The Politics of Agrarian Reform in the Philippines. Nueva York: Monthly Review Press.
Reynolds, Craig. s. f. “The State in Southeast Asian History: Its Representations and Rivals”. Inédito.
Roseberry, William. 1993. “Beyond the Agrarian Question in Latin America”. En Confronting Historical Paradigms, editado por Fred Cooper, 318-368. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.
Rosener, Werner. 1994. The Peasantry of Europe. Traducido por Thomas Barker. Oxford: Blackwell.
Sahabat Alam Malaysia, ed. 1987. Forest Resources Crisis in the Third World. Malaysia: Natraj Publishers; Third World Network.
Sahlins, Peter. 1994. Forest Rites: The War of the Demoiselles in Nineteenth Century France. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
Said, Edward. 1978. Orientalism. Londres: Routledge; Kegan Paul.
Scott, James C. 1976. The Moral Economy of the Peasant. New Haven: Yale University Press.
—. 1977. “Protest and Profanation: Agrarian Revolt and the Little Tradition”. Theory and Society 4 (1): 1-38; 4 (2): 211-246.
—. 1985. Weapons of the Weak: Everyday Forms of Peasant Resistance. New Haven: Yale University Press.
—. 1998. Seeing Like a State: How Certain Schemes to Improve the Human Condition Have Failed. New Haven: Yale University Press.
Scott, James y Benedict J. Tria Kerkvliet, eds. 1986. Everyday Forms of Peasant Resistance in South-East Asia. Totowa, N. J.: Frank Cass.
Shamsul, A. B. 1986. From British to Bumiputera Rule: Local Politics and Rural Development in Peninsular Malaysia. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies.
Shanin, Theodor. 1990. Defining Peasants. Oxford: Blackwell.
Shiva, Vandana. 1989. Staying Alive: Women, Ecology, and Development in India. Londres: Zed.
Silverman, Sydel. 1979. “The Peasant Concept in Anthropology”. Journal of Peasant Studies 7 (1): 49-69.
Stivens, Maila. 1983. “Sexual Politics in Rembau: Female Autonomy, Matriliny, and Agrarian Change in Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia”. Occasional Paper 5,
University of Kent at Canterbury, Centre of South-East Asian Studies.
Stoler, Ann. 2009. “Development Historical Negatives: Race and the Disquieting Visions of a Colonial State”. En Along the Archival Grain: Colonial Cultures and the Affective States, 105-140. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Svensson, Thommy. 1990. “Bureaucracies and Agrarian Change: A Southeast Asian Case”. En Agrarian Society in History, editado por Mats Lundahl and Thommy Svensson, 282-317. Londres: Routledge.
Takahashi, Akira. 1972. “The Peasantization of Kasama Tenants”. Philippine Sociological Review 20 (1-2): 129-133.
Taylor, Jean. 1983. The Social World of Batavia: European and Eurasian in Dutch Asia. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.
Taylor, Peter y Frederick Buttel. 1992. “How Do We Know We Have Global Environmental Problems? Science and the Globalization of Environmental Discourse”. Geoforum 23 (3): 495-16.
Thompson, E. P. 1975. Whigs and Hunters: The Origins of the Black Act. Nueva York: Pantheon.
Tsing, Anna L. 1993. In the Realm of the Diamond Queen: Marginality in an Outof the-Way Place. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
—. 1999. “Becoming a Tribal Elder and other Green Development Fantasies”. En Transforming the Indonesian Uplands: Marginality, Power and Production, editado
por Tania Murray Li, 159-202. Ámsterdam: Harwood Academic Publishers.
Vickers, Adrian. 1986. “History and Social Structure in Ancient Java: A Review Article”. Review of Indonesian and Malayan Affairs 20 (2): 156-185.
Vries, Jan de. 1974. The Dutch Rural Economy in the Golden Age, 1500-1700. New Haven: Yale University Press.
Wolf, Eric R. 1966. Peasants. Engelwood Cliffs, N. J.: Prentice-Hall. Wong, Diana. 1987. Peasant in the Marking: Malaysia’s Green Revolution. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies.
Worster, Donald. 1994. Nature’s Economy: A History of Ecological Ideas. 2.a ed. Nueva York: Cambridge University Press.
Zanden, J. L. van. 1994. The Transformation of European Agriculture in the Nineteenth Century: The Case of the Netherlands. Ámsterdam: VU University Press.
Zerner, Charles. 1994. “Through a Green Lens: Constructing Customary Environmental Law and Community in Indonesia’s Maluku Islands”. Law and Society Review 28 (5): 1079-1122. Número especial del simposio “Law and the Definition of Individual and Collective Selves: Community and Identity in Sociolegal Studies.”
Boeke, J. H. 1953. Economics and Economic Policy of Dual Societies. Nueva York: Institute of Pacific Relations.
Boomgaard, Peter. 1989. Between Sovereign Domain and Servile Tenure: The Development of Rights to Land in Java, 1780-1870. Ámsterdam: Free University Press.
Braudel, Fernand. 1993. A History of Civilizations. Traducido por Richard Mayne. Nueva York: Penguin.
Breman, Jan. 1988. The Shattered Image: Construction and Desconstruction of the Village in Colonial Asia. Dodrect: Foris.
Broad, Robin y John Cavanagh. 1993. Plundering Paradise: The Struggle for the Environment in the Philippines. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Brosius Peter J. 2003. “Voices for the Borneo Rain Forest: Writing the History of the Environmental Campaign”. En Nature in the Global South. Environmental Projects in South and Southeast Asia, editado por Paul Greenough y Anna Lowenhaupt Tsing, 319-346. Durham: Duke University Press.
Brosius, J. Peter, Anna Tsing y Charles Zerner. 1998. “Representing Communities: Histories and Politics of Community-Based Natural ResourceManagement”. Society and Natural Resources 11: 157-168.
Bryant, Raymond L. y Sinead Bailey. 1997. Third World Political Ecology. Londres: Routledge.
Chayanov, A. V. 1966. On the Theory of the Peasant Economy, editado por Daniel Thorner, Baslie Kerblay y R. F. E. Smith. Homewood, III: R.D. Irwin.
Christie, Jan Wisseman. 1991. “States without Cities: Demographic Trends in Early Java”. Indonesia 52: 23-40.
Clifford, James y George Macus, eds. 1986. Writing Culture: The Poetics and Politics of Ethnography. Berkeley y Los Ángeles, California: University of California Press.
Corry, Stephen. 1993. “The Rainforest Harvest: Who Reaps the Benefit?”. Ecologist 23 (4): 148-53.
Coward, Walter 2005. “Building Models of Community-Based Natural Resource Management: A Personal Narrative”. En Communities and Conservation: Histories and Politics of Community. Based Natural Resource Management, editado por J. Peter Brosius, Ana Tsing, y Charles Zerner, 91-104. Walnut Creek, CA: AltaMira Press.
Cronon, William. 1983. Changes in the Land: Indians, Colonist, and the Ecology of New England. Nueva York: Hill and Wang.
Dalton, George. 1972. “Peasantries in Anthropology and History”. Current Anthropology 13 (4): 385-415.
Day, Tony. 1994. “‘Landscape’ in Early Java”. En Recovering the Orient: Artist, Scholars, Appropriations, editado por Andrew Gerstle y Anthony Milner, 175-203. Singapore:
Harwood Academic Publishers.
Dewald, Jonathan y Liana Vardi. 1998. “The Peasantries of France: 1400-1789”. En The Peasantries of Europe from the Fourteenth to the Eighteenth Centuries, editado por Tom Scott, 21-47. Londres: Longman.
Dove, Michael. 1985. Swidden Agriculture in Indonesia: Subsistence Strategies of the Kalimantan Kantu. Nueva York: Mouton.
—. 1992. “‘Foresters’. Beliefs about Farmers as a Priority for Social Science Research in Social Forestry”. Agroforestry Systems 17: 13-41.
Ellen, Roy F. 1986. “What Black Elk Left Unsaid: On the Illusory Images of Green Primitivism”. Anthropology Today 2 (6): 8-12.
Elson, R. E. 1994. Village Java under the Cultivation System, 1830-1970. Sídney: Allen and Unwin.
Espiritu, Socorro C. y Chester L. Hunt. 1964. Social Foundations of Community Development: Readings of the Philippines. Manila: R. M. Garcia.
Estrella, Conrado. 1969. The Democratic Answer to the Philippine Agrarian Problem. Manila: Solidaridad.
Farr, Ian. 1986. “‘Tradition’ and the Peasantry: On the Modern Historiography of Rural Germany”. En the German Peasantry, editado por Richard Evans y W. R. Lee, 1-36. Londres: Croom Helm.
Geertz, Clifford. 1963. Agricultural Involution: The Processes of Ecological Change in Indonesia. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Gouda, Frances. 1995. Poverty and Political Culture: The Rhetoric of Social Welfare in the Netherlands and France, 1815-1854. Landham, Md: Rowman and Littlefield.
Gramsci, Antonio. 1968. The Modern Prince and Other Writings. 3.a ed. Nueva York: International Publishers.
Guha, Ramachandra. 1990. The Unquiet Woods: Ecological Change and Peasant Resistance in the Himalaya. Berkeley y Los Ángeles: University of California Press.
—. 1994. Social Ecology. Delhi: Oxford University Press.
Harrisson, Tom. 1970. The Malays of South West Sarawak before Malaysia: A Socioeconomic Survey. East Lansing: Michigan State University Press.
Hart, Gillian. 1986. Power, Labor, and Livelihood: Precesses of Change in Rural Java. Berkeley: University of California Press.
—. 1991. “Engendering Everyday Resistance: Gender, Politics, Patronage, and Production in Rural Malaysia”. Journal of Peasant Studies 19 (1): 93-121.
—. 1992. “Household Production Reconsidered: Gender, Labor Conflict, and Technogical Change in Malaysian’s Muda Region”. World Development 20 (6): 809-824.
Hart Gillian, Andrew Turton y Benjamin White, eds. 1989. Agrarian Transformations: Local Processes and the State in Southeast Asia. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Hawes, Gary. 1987. The Philippine State and the Marcos Regime: The Politics of Export. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
Hirsh, Philip y Carol Warren, eds. 1998. The Politics of Environment in Southeast Asia. Londres: Routledge.
Hobsbawm, Eric J. 1973. “Peasants and Politics”. Journal of Peasants Studies 1 (1): 3-22.
Isaacman, Allen F. 1993. “Peasants and Rural Social Protest in Africa”. En Confronting Historical Paradigms, editado por Fred Cooper, 205-317. Madison: University of Wisconsin.
Kahn, Joel S. 1980. Minangkabau Social Formations: Indonesian Peasants and the World Economy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Kartodirdjo, Sartono. 1973. Protest Movements in Rural Java: A Study of Agrarian Unrest in the Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Centuries. Singapore: Oxford University Press.
Kearney, Michael. 1996. Reconceptualizing the Peasantry: Anthropology in Global Perspective. Boulder: Westview.
Kemp, Jeremy. 1988. Seductive Mirror: The Search for the Village Community in Southeast Asia. Dodrect: Foris.
Kerkvliet, Benedict J. Tria. 1990. Everyday Politics in the Philippines: Class and Status in Relations in a Central Luzon Village. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Langton, John. 1998. “Conclusion: The Historical Geography of European Peasantries, 1400-1800”. En The Peasantries of Europe from the Fourteenth to the Eighteenth Centuries, editado por Tom Scott, 372-400. Londres: Longman.
Lehning, James R. 1995. Peasant and French: Cultural Contact in Rural France during the Nineteenth Century. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Li, Tania. 1999. Transforming the Indonesian Uplands. Londres: Hardwood Academic Press.
—. 2000. “Articulating Indigenous Identity in Indonesia: Resource Politics and the Tribal Slot”. Comparatives Studies in Society and History 42 (1): 149-178.
Lim, Teck Ghee. 1977. Peasants and their Agricultural Economy in Colonial Malaya, 1874-1941. Kuala Lumpur: Oxford University Press.
Marx, Karl. 1972. The Eighteenth Brumaire of Luis Bonaparte. Nueva York: International Publishers.
Mayer, Judith. 1996. “Environmental Organizing in Indonesia: The Search for a New Order”. En Global Civil Society and Global Environmental Governance, editado por Ronnie Lipshutz, 167-213. Albany: State University of New York Press.
Monk, Paul, M. 1996. Truth and Power: Robert S. Hardie and Land Reform Debates in the Philippines, 1950-1987. Nueva York: Cambridge University Press.
Muijzenberg, Otto van den y Willem Wolters. 1988. Conceptualizing Development: The Historical-Sociological Tradition in Dutch Non-Western Sociology. Dordrecht:
Foris.
Olson, Gary L. 1974. U.S Foreign Policy and the Third World Peasant: Land Reform in the Asia and Latin America. Nueva York: Praeger.
Ong, Aihwa. 1987. Spirits of Resistance and Capitalist Discipline: Factory Women in Malaysia. Albany: State University of New York Press.
—. 1990. “State versus Islam: Malay Families, Women’s Bodies, and the Body Politic in Malaysia”. American Ethnologist 17 (2): 258-277.
Peet, Richard y Michael Watts. 1996. Liberation Ecologies: Environment, Development, Social Movements. Londres: Routledge.
Peluso, Nancy Lee. 2003. “Territorializing Local Struggles for Resource Control: A Look at Environmental Discourses and Politics in Indonesia”. En Nature in the Global South. Environmental Projects in South and Southeast Asia, editado por Paul Greenough y Anna Lowenhaupt Tsing, 231-252. Durham: Duke University Press.
—. 1992. Rich Forests, Poor People. Berkeley: University of California Press.
—. 1993. “Coercing Conservation: The Politics of State Resource Control”. En The State and Social Power in Global Environmental Politics, editado por R. Lipschutz
y K. Conca. Nueva York: Columbia University Press.
Pelzer, Karl. 1945. Pioneer Settlement in the Asiatic Tropics. Nueva York: American Geographical Society.
Pemberton, John. 1994. On the Subjet of “Java”. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
Popkin, Samuel. 1979. The Rational Peasant: The Political Economy of Rural Society in Vietnam. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Posey, Darrell. 1985. “Indigenous Management of Tropical Forest Ecosystems: The Case of the Kayapo Indians of the Brazilian Amazon”. Agroforestry Systems 3:
139-158.
Putzel, James. 1992. A Captive Land: The Politics of Agrarian Reform in the Philippines. Nueva York: Monthly Review Press.
Reynolds, Craig. s. f. “The State in Southeast Asian History: Its Representations and Rivals”. Inédito.
Roseberry, William. 1993. “Beyond the Agrarian Question in Latin America”. En Confronting Historical Paradigms, editado por Fred Cooper, 318-368. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.
Rosener, Werner. 1994. The Peasantry of Europe. Traducido por Thomas Barker. Oxford: Blackwell.
Sahabat Alam Malaysia, ed. 1987. Forest Resources Crisis in the Third World. Malaysia: Natraj Publishers; Third World Network.
Sahlins, Peter. 1994. Forest Rites: The War of the Demoiselles in Nineteenth Century France. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
Said, Edward. 1978. Orientalism. Londres: Routledge; Kegan Paul.
Scott, James C. 1976. The Moral Economy of the Peasant. New Haven: Yale University Press.
—. 1977. “Protest and Profanation: Agrarian Revolt and the Little Tradition”. Theory and Society 4 (1): 1-38; 4 (2): 211-246.
—. 1985. Weapons of the Weak: Everyday Forms of Peasant Resistance. New Haven: Yale University Press.
—. 1998. Seeing Like a State: How Certain Schemes to Improve the Human Condition Have Failed. New Haven: Yale University Press.
Scott, James y Benedict J. Tria Kerkvliet, eds. 1986. Everyday Forms of Peasant Resistance in South-East Asia. Totowa, N. J.: Frank Cass.
Shamsul, A. B. 1986. From British to Bumiputera Rule: Local Politics and Rural Development in Peninsular Malaysia. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies.
Shanin, Theodor. 1990. Defining Peasants. Oxford: Blackwell.
Shiva, Vandana. 1989. Staying Alive: Women, Ecology, and Development in India. Londres: Zed.
Silverman, Sydel. 1979. “The Peasant Concept in Anthropology”. Journal of Peasant Studies 7 (1): 49-69.
Stivens, Maila. 1983. “Sexual Politics in Rembau: Female Autonomy, Matriliny, and Agrarian Change in Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia”. Occasional Paper 5,
University of Kent at Canterbury, Centre of South-East Asian Studies.
Stoler, Ann. 2009. “Development Historical Negatives: Race and the Disquieting Visions of a Colonial State”. En Along the Archival Grain: Colonial Cultures and the Affective States, 105-140. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Svensson, Thommy. 1990. “Bureaucracies and Agrarian Change: A Southeast Asian Case”. En Agrarian Society in History, editado por Mats Lundahl and Thommy Svensson, 282-317. Londres: Routledge.
Takahashi, Akira. 1972. “The Peasantization of Kasama Tenants”. Philippine Sociological Review 20 (1-2): 129-133.
Taylor, Jean. 1983. The Social World of Batavia: European and Eurasian in Dutch Asia. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.
Taylor, Peter y Frederick Buttel. 1992. “How Do We Know We Have Global Environmental Problems? Science and the Globalization of Environmental Discourse”. Geoforum 23 (3): 495-16.
Thompson, E. P. 1975. Whigs and Hunters: The Origins of the Black Act. Nueva York: Pantheon.
Tsing, Anna L. 1993. In the Realm of the Diamond Queen: Marginality in an Outof the-Way Place. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
—. 1999. “Becoming a Tribal Elder and other Green Development Fantasies”. En Transforming the Indonesian Uplands: Marginality, Power and Production, editado
por Tania Murray Li, 159-202. Ámsterdam: Harwood Academic Publishers.
Vickers, Adrian. 1986. “History and Social Structure in Ancient Java: A Review Article”. Review of Indonesian and Malayan Affairs 20 (2): 156-185.
Vries, Jan de. 1974. The Dutch Rural Economy in the Golden Age, 1500-1700. New Haven: Yale University Press.
Wolf, Eric R. 1966. Peasants. Engelwood Cliffs, N. J.: Prentice-Hall. Wong, Diana. 1987. Peasant in the Marking: Malaysia’s Green Revolution. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies.
Worster, Donald. 1994. Nature’s Economy: A History of Ecological Ideas. 2.a ed. Nueva York: Cambridge University Press.
Zanden, J. L. van. 1994. The Transformation of European Agriculture in the Nineteenth Century: The Case of the Netherlands. Ámsterdam: VU University Press.
Zerner, Charles. 1994. “Through a Green Lens: Constructing Customary Environmental Law and Community in Indonesia’s Maluku Islands”. Law and Society Review 28 (5): 1079-1122. Número especial del simposio “Law and the Definition of Individual and Collective Selves: Community and Identity in Sociolegal Studies.”
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Publicado
2017-08-22
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Lowenhaupt Tsing, A. (2017). Alegoría agraria y futuros globales. Revista Colombiana De Antropología, 52(1), 289–346. Recuperado a partir de http://biblioteca-canje-intra.icanh.gov.co/index.php/rca/article/view/86
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